January 29, 2024

For Adults with ADHD: What Should Your Doctor be Doing for your ADHD?

Recognizing whether your ADHD is being managed appropriately requires an understanding of what constitutes effective treatment. Here are some indicators of proper ADHD treatment:

Comprehensive Evaluation: An appropriate diagnosis of ADHD involves a comprehensive evaluation, including medical history, clinical interviews, and assessment tools. It should also exclude other conditions that may mimic ADHD.

Clear Communication: Your doctor should provide a clear explanation of ADHD, its symptoms, treatment options, potential side effects, and expected outcomes. They should answer your questions patiently and help dispel any misconceptions.

Individualized Treatment Plan: ADHD treatment often involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes. Your doctor should tailor the treatment plan to your specific needs, symptoms, and life circumstances.

Medication Management: If medication is part of your treatment plan, your doctor should monitor its effects and side effects closely, adjusting the dosage as necessary. Remember, the aim is to maximize benefits and minimize side effects.  Much research shows that it is usually best to start treatment with an FDA approved medication.  If your doctor decides otherwise, you should ask why.

Psychotherapy and Coaching: Pills don’t provide skills.  Many adults with ADHD never acquired life skills due to untreated ADHD. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is beneficial for managing ADHD. Your doctor might recommend this and refer you to a psychologist, or they might provide some elements of these services themselves.  

Regular Follow-Ups: Regular follow-ups are critical to assess the effectiveness of the treatment plan and to make necessary adjustments. Your doctor should be tracking your progress and adapting your treatment as needed.

Empowering You: A good doctor will support you in managing your ADHD, providing education, resources, and tools that empower you to lead a healthy, fulfilling life.

Focus on Strengths: ADHD can come with strengths, such as creativity, dynamism, and the ability to think outside the box. An effective healthcare provider will help you leverage these strengths.

Involvement of Loved Ones: Depending on your circumstances, involving your loved ones in your treatment process can be beneficial. They can provide additional support and understanding.

Co-ordinating with Other Healthcare Providers: If you have other healthcare providers involved in your care, your doctor should communicate and coordinate with them to ensure consistent and comprehensive care.

Remember, you have the right to seek a second opinion if you feel your ADHD is not being appropriately managed. Trust your instincts and advocate for your health. It may also be helpful to join ADHD support groups (online or offline) to connect with others who share similar experiences. Their insights and recommendations could be beneficial.  Also keep in mind that achieving an optimal outcome for one’s ADHD often requires the doctor to try a few different medications as it is not currently possible to predict which patients do best on which medications.

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Combating Misinformation about ADHD on Social Media and the Internet

Combating Misinformation about ADHD on Social Media and The Internet

In our digital age, the internet serves as a powerful platform for accessing health information. Yet, with this great power comes great responsibility. Misinformation, particularly concerning ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder), is rife online, leading to confusion, the perpetuation of stigma, and potentially harmful consequences for those affected by the disorder and their loved ones. This blog will delve into some of these misconceptions, their impacts, and how to ensure the ADHD information you come across online is reliable, with a special emphasis on a recent study examining ADHD content on TikTok.

The Misinformation Problem

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. It's characterized by patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that are persistent. Despite its recognition as a well-documented medical condition, it is often misunderstood, partly due to widespread misinformation.

Common ADHD misconceptions include:

ADHD is not a real disorder: This belief is found scattered across online forums, and even some ill-informed news articles.

ADHD is a result of bad parenting: Numerous online discussions blame parents for their child's ADHD. However, research has shown that ADHD has biological origins and is not a result of parenting styles.

ADHD only affects children: Many websites and social media posts promote this myth, but ADHD can continue into adulthood.

ADHD medication leads to substance abuse: Certain posts on social media may wrongly claim that ADHD medication leads to substance abuse.

A recent study explored the quality of ADHD content on TikTok, a popular video-sharing social media platform. Researchers investigated the top 100 most popular ADHD-related videos on the platform. Shockingly, they found that 52% of these videos were classified as misleading, while only 21% were categorized as useful. The majority of these misleading videos were uploaded by non-healthcare providers.

The Impact of Misinformation

Misinformation about ADHD can have harmful impacts on individuals with the disorder and their families:

Delayed diagnosis and treatment: Misinformation can deter individuals and parents from seeking professional help, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment.

Increased stigma: False information can amplify societal stigma about ADHD, leading to misunderstanding and discrimination.

Harmful treatment approaches: Misinformation can lead individuals to opt for ineffective or even harmful treatments.

The proliferation of misleading ADHD content on platforms like TikTok only amplifies these problems. The TikTok study found that while the videos were generally understandable, they had low actionability — meaning they offered little practical advice for managing ADHD.

Identifying Reliable Information

Given the prevalence of misinformation, it's crucial to be able to distinguish between reliable and unreliable information about ADHD. Here are some pointers:

Use reputable sources: Trustworthy information often comes from recognized health organizations, government health departments, or reputable medical institutions.  Some examples are NIH, Mayo Clinic, CDC and www.ADHDevidence.org

Be wary of fake experts: If you see info from a self-proclaimed expert, you can check to see if they are really an expert by going to www.expertscape.com.  Or go to www.pubmed.gov to see if they’ve ever written anything about ADHD that has been approved by their peers.

Look for citations: Reliable sources often cite scientific research to back their claims.

Beware of sensational headlines: Clickbait headlines often oversimplify complex topics like ADHD.

Consult a professional: If you're unsure about any information, consult a healthcare professional.

The TikTok study's findings underscore the importance of these guidelines, as healthcare providers tended to upload higher quality and more useful videos compared to non-healthcare providers.

In our era of digital information, the challenge of separating ADHD facts from fiction is significant but not insurmountable. By becoming discerning consumers of online information, we can help prevent the spread of misinformation, support those affected by ADHD, and foster a more informed and understanding society. It's also essential for clinicians to be aware of the extent of health misinformation online and its potential impact on patient care. This way, they can guide their patients toward reliable sources and away from misleading content.

March 11, 2024

Comedication in Adults With ADHD

Comedication with ADHD medication in adults in a nationwide population cohort study

Persons with ADHD have known to have high rates of psychiatric comorbidities. There is also growing evidence of somatic (non-psychiatric) comorbid disorders among youths with ADHD, such as metabolic syndrome (which can lead to type 2 diabetes) and chronic inflammation (such as asthma and allergic rhinitis). Much less is known, however, about comorbid conditions in adults with ADHD.

An international team of researchers looked for indicators of comorbid conditions in a nationwide cohort study using Swedish national registers. The target population was Swedish residents between the ages of 18 and 64 in 2013 and more specifically those who had been prescribed ADHD medication. They identified over 41,000 individuals who met these criteria, including over twenty thousand young adults aged 18-29 years, over sixteen thousand middle-aged adults aged 30-49 years, and over four thousand older adults aged 50-64. The remainder of the overall cohort were used as controls.

Young adults receiving ADHD medications were four times as likely to also be receiving somatic medications, and older adults were seven times as likely. The highest rate of co-medication -roughly five times more frequent than among controls - was for respiratory system medications. The second most common was for alimentary tract and metabolic system medications, with odds over four times higher than for controls. Cardiovascular system medications were the next most common, with odds among young adults receiving ADHD medications over four times those of controls, though reducing with age to being twice as common in older adults with ADHD. Patterns were similar among men and women.

Adults receiving ADHD medications were far more likely to also be receiving other psychotropic medications. Middle-aged adults were 21 times as likely to be dispensed such medications as controls, older adults eighteen times more likely, and younger adults fifteen times more likely.

For young adults prescribed ADHD medications, the most prevalent co-prescriptions were for addictive disorders, which were dispensed at over 26 times the rate for controls. For middle-aged and older adults, on the other hand, the most prevalent co-prescriptions were for antipsychotics, which were likewise dispensed at over 26 times the rate for controls. Results remained consistent for individuals who had an ADHD diagnosis in addition to an ADHD prescription.

In addition, individuals receiving ADHD medications were also on average taking more types of prescriptions, rising from 2.5 classes of medications at age 18 to five classes at age 64. For controls, the equivalent numbers were 0.9 types of medications at age 18, rising to 2.7 at age 64.

Looking at specific somatic medications prescribed, those for respiratory conditions were ones typically prescribed for asthma and allergic reactions, reinforcing a previously known association. Insulin preparations also had high rates of co-prescription, again further confirming the known association with obesity and diabetes.

On the other hand, the most commonly dispensed alimentary tract and metabolic system medications included proton pump inhibitors, typically prescribed for gastric/duodenal ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Sodium fluoride, prescribed to prevent dental caries, was also prominent. Neither of these is an established association and warrants further exploration.

Turning to psychotropic medications, the most frequent prescriptions were with drugs used to treat addictive disorders and with antipsychotics. Rates of opioid co-prescription were also notably high, a source of concern given the higher proclivity of persons with ADHD to substance use disorders.

March 5, 2022

ADHD Medication Least Likely to be Associated With Headache

Which ADHD medications are least likely to be associated with headaches?

There is strong evidence of the effectiveness of a variety of ADHD medicines in reducing ADHD symptoms. While some are more effective than others, another factor in deciding on a course of treatment is minimizing noxious side effects.

One of those side effects is a headache.

An international team of researchers from Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia conducted a systematic review of the peer-reviewed medical literature about ADHD and headaches on the one hand, and ADHD medications and headaches on the other.

As a baseline, they performed a meta-analysis of twelve studies with a combined total of over 2.7 million participants that compared headache rates between youths with and without ADHD. Those with ADHD were twice as likely to suffer from headaches. This held even after limiting the meta-analysis to the four studies that adjusted for confounders.

Breaking down the results by type of headache revealed a fascinating distinction. There was no significant difference in rates of tension headaches, but migraines were 2.2 times as frequent among youths with ADHD.

This strong association between ADHD and migraines suggests looking for medications that are both effective and unlikely to further contribute to the odds of migraine.

Accordingly, the team examined associations between specific ADHD medications and headaches.

Stimulant medications are generally considered the most effective medications for treating ADHD. A meta-analysis of ten studies with 2,672 participants found no association between amphetamines and headaches. On the other hand, a meta-analysis of 17 studies with 3,371 participants found that methylphenidate increased the odds of headache by one-third (33%).

The non-stimulant atomoxetine is usually considered a second-tier treatment for those among whom stimulants are contraindicated. A meta-analysis of 22 studies encompassing 3,857 participants found it increased the odds of headache by 29%.

Guanfacine fared worst of the bunch. A meta-analysis of eight studies combining 1,956 participants found it increased the odds of headache by 43%.

Finally, a meta-analysis of six studies with a combined total of 818 participants found no association with headaches.

There was no indication of publication bias in any of the meta-analyses.

December 29, 2021

Beyond Dopamine: How Serotonin Influences ADHD Symptoms

ADHD is usually framed as a dopamine-and-norepinephrine condition, but recent studies have revealed that serotonin may also play a significant role. To delve deeper into this, we conducted a systematic literature review of studies looking at serotonin, its receptors, and the serotonin transporter (SERT) in relation to ADHD. The result: serotonin appears to be an important piece of the puzzle, but the overall picture is quite complex.

An ADHD & Serotonin Literature Review:

The authors searched the literature without time limits and screened thousands of records to end up with 95 relevant publications. Those included animal/basic-science work, neuroimaging, pharmacodynamics, a couple of large genetic/transcriptomic studies (GWAS and a cortico-striatal TWAS), and a few clinical reports. Each paper was graded for quality: 17 high, 59 medium, and 19 low.

The Results:
  • Most studies support a serotonergic role. About 81% (77/95) of the papers reported altered serotonin production, binding, transport, or degradation linked to ADHD or ADHD-like behaviors.

  • Multiple lines of evidence: animal models frequently show that changing serotonin levels or receptor activity alters hyperactivity and impulsivity; human imaging and clinical studies provide supportive but smaller and sometimes mixed signals; genetic/transcriptomic work points to serotonin-related pathways among many implicated systems.

  • Receptors and SERT matter: Multiple serotonin receptor subtypes (5-HT1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 7) and SERT show associations with impulsivity, hyperactivity, attention, or brain activity patterns in ADHD models and some human studies.

  • Mixed and conflicting data: Central measures (brain, CSF) more often show serotonin deficits, while peripheral measures (platelets, plasma) sometimes show higher serotonin — methodological differences likely explain some contradictions.

  • Drugs used for ADHD can affect serotonin: Stimulants and non-stimulant drugs approved by FDA for treating ADHD (e.g., methylphenidate, atomoxetine, extended release viloxazine) or under investigation (centafafadine) have direct or indirect effects on serotonin systems, supporting the idea that monoamines interact rather than acting separately.  Because drugs that mainly affect serotonin are not useful for ADHD it seems likely that a pathway forward for ADHD drug development would be drugs that target multiple neurotransmitter systems.  A complex treatment for an etiologically complex disorder.

The Role of Serotonin in ADHD: What's The Take-Away?

As the study points out, the idea that serotonin may play a role in the neurobiology of ADHD is not new, but this literature review “identified multiple individual strands of evidence gathered over several decades and brought them into a more coherent focus”. It concludes that serotonergic neurotransmission is implicated in ADHD.  This doesn’t mean variations in serotonin levels cause ADHD, but that serotonin may be a plausible target for future treatments and research.

ADHD is polygenic and multi-systemic. For now, clinicians and patients should view serotonin as part of a complex network that may contribute to ADHD symptoms.  More research is needed before making treatment decisions based on these findings. 

Registry-based Cohort Study Finds No Association Between Maternal Diabetes and Offspring ADHD

Background:

A previous meta-analysis found that children born to mothers with diabetes had a 34% higher risk of developing ADHD compared to those born to non-diabetic mothers.  

However, previous studies suffered methodological limitations, such as small sample sizes, case-control or cross-sectional designs, and insufficient adjustment for key confounders such as maternal socio-economic status, mental health conditions, obesity, and substance use disorders.  

Moreover, many studies relied on self-reported maternal diabetes, and on non-clinical ADHD assessments, such as parental reports or screening tools, which are prone to bias and inaccuracies.  

Furthermore, the role of maternal antidiabetic medication use in relation to ADHD risk has rarely been examined. Antidiabetic medications are effective in controlling high blood sugar during pregnancy, but many can cross the placenta and the blood-brain barrier, raising concerns about potential effects on fetal brain development.  

Study:

To address these gaps, an Australian study team used a large cohort of linked health administrative data from New South Wales to investigate both the association between maternal diabetes and the risk of ADHD and the independent effect of prenatal exposure to antidiabetic medications. 

The study encompassed all mother-child pairs born from 2003 through 2005, with follow-up conducted through 2018 to monitor hospital admissions related to ADHD. That yielded a final cohort of almost 230,000 mother-child pairs. 

The team adjusted for potential confounders including maternal age, socioeconomic status, previous children, pregnancy-related hypertension, caesarean delivery, birth order and plurality, maternal anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, substance use (alcohol, tobacco, stimulants, opioids, cannabis), and child factors such as Apgar score, sex, prematurity, and low birth weight. 

Results:

For maternal diabetes overall, there was no significant association with offspring ADHD. That was also true when broken down into pre-existing maternal diabetes and gestational (pregnancy-induced) diabetes.  

In a subset of 11,668 mother-child pairs, including 3,210 involving exposure to antidiabetic medications, there was likewise no significant association with offspring ADHD

Conclusion:

The team concluded, “Our findings did not support the hypothesis that maternal diabetes increases the risk of ADHD in children. Additionally, maternal use of antidiabetic medication was not associated with ADHD.” 

This study highlights the importance of high-quality research. A previous meta-analysis linking ADHD and maternal diabetes did not appropriately adjust for confounders and cited many small studies that may have included biased self-report scales. This large, registry-based cohort study of nearly 230,000 mother–child pairs found no evidence that maternal diabetes—whether pre-existing or gestational—or prenatal exposure to antidiabetic medications was associated with subsequent offspring ADHD as measured by hospital-recorded ADHD outcomes. The study’s strengths include its population scale, prolonged follow-up, and extensive adjustment for maternal and perinatal confounders (including maternal mental health and substance-use disorders), which address many limitations of earlier, smaller studies that reported elevated risks.  

September 8, 2025

Population Study Finds Association Between COVID-19 Infection and ADHD

Background: 

The COVID-19 pandemic brought environmental changes that may have influenced ADHD symptoms and contributed to higher diagnosis rates. School closures, the transition to remote learning, and restrictions on outdoor activities led to increased screen time and isolation, both of which can affect attention and behavioral regulation. Children and adolescents, who usually depend on social interactions and structured routines, experienced significant disruptions during this period.  

Method:

South Korea has a nationwide single-payer health insurance system that keeps detailed health records on virtually its entire population. To explore the impact of COVID-19 on ADHD, a Korean research team used a database established by the Korean government that tracked all patients with COVID-19 between 2020 and 2023, nationwide COVID vaccination records, and insurance claims. They included all participants aged 6 through 29 years old. 

The onset of ADHD was determined by diagnosis combined with the prescription of ADHD medication. 

Altogether, the study encompassed almost 1.2 million Koreans, including over 150,000 children (6-12), more than 220,000 adolescents (13-19), and almost 800,000 young adults (20-29). 

The team adjusted for age, sex, income, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and medical visits. The Charlson Comorbidity Index predicts the mortality for a patient who may have a range of 17 concurrent conditions, such as heart disease, AIDS, or cancer. 

Results:

With these adjustments, young adults known to be infected with COVID-19 were about 40% more likely to be subsequently diagnosed with ADHD than their counterparts with no record of such infection

Adolescents known to be infected with COVID-19 were about twice as likely to be subsequently diagnosed with ADHD than their counterparts with no record of such infection. 

Children known to be infected with COVID-19 were 2.4 times as likely to be subsequently diagnosed with ADHD than their counterparts with no record of such infection

All these results were highly significant, and point to much greater impact on the youngest persons infected. 

Interpretation: 

The team concluded, “our nationwide study revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly influenced ADHD incidence (raising incidence between 2020 and 2023), with SARS-CoV-2 infection identified as a critical risk factor,” and “In particular, early intervention and neurological evaluations are needed for children, adolescents, and young adults with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection.”